In .cz, we have gasoline taxed heavily, with the rationale that it pays for roads. Additionally, highways have toll (for all cars) and major roads have tolls for heavy cars (as they damage more). And a tax is paid for every car used for business purposes (company car, contractors etc.).

All of this combined indeed almost covers the expenses of building and maintaining roads. Unfortunately, it does not cover any negative externalities, such as the environmental ones.