If you have a bubble sort and selection sort, and run them through IO, for either result, you can't tell if the original was bubble sort or selection sort.

Roughly: VBB is the ability to take any program and make it indistinguishable from random.

IO is the ability to take two programs that compute the same function and make them indistinguishable from each other.

How far does this analogy go?

For example, if I plot how long both programs take at various scales, at some point I should be able to determine which one is O(n log(n)) right?

I gave the formal definition of distinguishability in the other comment, but it does not include running time.

And that involves preventing the leakage of any data? Such as the time each take?

The original goal was to be able to make public key systems out of secret key systems, so hiding existing running time is not part of the definition of indistinguishable.

It is about what information you can glean about either of the originals. Formally (from the paper):

Indistinguishability: For every two ensembles {C0,λ} and {C1,λ} of polynomial-sized circuits that have the same size, input length, and output length, and are functionally equivalent, that is, ∀λ, C0,λ(x) = C1,λ(x) for every input x, the following distributions are computationally indistinguishable:

  {iO(1λ, C0,λ)} {iO(1λ, C1,λ)}

IE you can take a secret key system, hardwire the key into the program, and turn it into a public key system without fear that the secret key will be recovered - instead, it will not be distinguishable from other programs with different hardwired keys.

> IE you can take a secret key system, hardwire the key into the program, and turn it into a public key system without fear that the secret key will be recovered - instead, it will not be distinguishable from other programs with different hardwired keys.

I don't understand. Shouldn't a different secret key yield a different function / circuit?

You can actually do it both ways - where the ciphertext is an obfuscated program, and where keys a programs and ciphertexts are short.

https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/454.pdf and friends have a direct description of the latter and references to the former.

This is just one mechanism.

Ah I think I understand better. Thanks!